In this final lesson, we will review all the concepts learned so far: the Greek alphabet, vowels, consonants, diphthongs, stress marks, and pronunciation rules. This lesson focuses on applying your knowledge through reading, writing, listening, and speaking exercises.

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1. Quick Review of Key Concepts

Greek Alphabet:

• 24 letters: Uppercase and lowercase.
• Example: Αα (Alpha), Ββ (Beta), Γγ (Gamma).

Vowels:

• Seven vowels: α, ε, η, ι, ο, υ, ω.
• Example: ώρα (óra, time), ήλιος (ílios, sun).

Consonants:

• Unique consonants and combinations: γγ (ng), μπ (b), ντ (d).
• Example: μπανάνα (banána, banana).

Diphthongs:

• Combinations of vowels: αι, ει, οι, αυ, ευ, ου.
• Example: αυλή (avlí, courtyard), οικογένεια (ikoyénia, family).

Stress Marks:

• One stress mark per word on one of the last three syllables.
• Example: καλός (kalós, good), πολύ (polí, very).

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2. Reading Practice

Read the following Greek words aloud. Focus on vowels, consonants, diphthongs, and stress placement:

• Ελλάδα (Elláda – Greece)
• καλημέρα (kaliméra – good morning)
• ευχαριστώ (efcharistó – thank you)
• ψωμί (psomí – bread)
• σχολείο (scholéio – school)
• φίλος (fílos – friend)

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3. Writing Practice

1. Write the following Greek words by hand:

   • καλό (kaló – good)
   • σπίτι (spíti – house)
   • νερό (neró – water)
   • αεροπλάνο (aeropláno – airplane).

2. Underline the stressed syllable in each word.

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4. Listening Practice

Listen to a recording of the following sentences (use apps like Google Translate or YouTube for Greek audio):

• Αυτό είναι ένα βιβλίο. (Aftó íne éna vivlío. – This is a book.)
• Η Μαρία πίνει νερό. (I María píni neró. – Maria is drinking water.)
• Καλησπέρα, τι κάνεις; (Kalispéra, ti kánis? – Good evening, how are you?)

Exercise: Write down what you hear and underline the stressed syllables.

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5. Speaking Practice

Practice the following short conversations:

Example 1:

• A: Γεια σου! Πώς σε λένε; (Yiá sou! Pós se léne? – Hello! What is your name?)
• B: Με λένε Νίκο. (Me léne Níko. – My name is Niko.)
• A: Χάρηκα πολύ! (Chárika polí! – Nice to meet you!)

Example 2:

• A: Καλημέρα! Πόσο κάνει αυτό; (Kaliméra! Póso káni aftó? – Good morning! How much is this?)
• B: Κάνει δύο ευρώ. (Káni dýo evró. – It costs two euros.)
• A: Ευχαριστώ πολύ! (Efcharistó polí! – Thank you very much!)

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6. Challenge: Full Application

Read the following short paragraph aloud, focusing on proper pronunciation and stress:

• «Η Ελλάδα είναι μια όμορφη χώρα. Έχει θάλασσες, βουνά και πολλά νησιά. Οι άνθρωποι είναι φιλόξενοι και χαμογελαστοί.»

Translation: Greece is a beautiful country. It has seas, mountains, and many islands. The people are hospitable and smiling.

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7. Final Review Quiz

1. Match the sounds:

   • Write the Greek letters or combinations that produce these sounds:
     • “b,” “ng,” “kh,” “ts.”

2. Mark the stress:

   • Write the stressed syllable in:
     • παιδί (child)
     • φίλος (friend)
     • καλοκαίρι (summer).

3. Translate to Greek:

   • Good morning
   • Thank you
   • Bread

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Fun Fact

The Greek language is one of the oldest continuously spoken languages in the world, with a history spanning over 3,000 years!